SELECT 
  cscart_products.* 
FROM 
  cscart_products 
WHERE 
  cscart_products.product_id IN (
    12, 280, 282, 286, 248, 1, 278, 78, 170, 
    232, 150, 158
  )

Query time 0.03661

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_products",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
          "rows": 12,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_products.product_id in (12,280,282,286,248,1,278,78,170,232,150,158)"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}