SELECT 
  cscart_product_sales.product_id, 
  amount AS sales_amount 
FROM 
  cscart_product_sales 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = cscart_product_sales.product_id 
  AND cscart_products_categories.category_id = cscart_product_sales.category_id 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_sales.product_id IN (
    148, 149, 124, 150, 12, 172, 177, 188, 
    181, 236, 174
  ) 
  AND cscart_products_categories.link_type = 'M'

Query time 0.00099

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_product_sales",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pa"],
          "rows": 16,
          "filtered": 68.75,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_product_sales.product_id in (148,149,124,150,12,172,177,188,181,236,174)"
        }
      },
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
          "access_type": "eq_ref",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "link_type", "pt"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "6",
          "used_key_parts": ["category_id", "product_id"],
          "ref": [
            "cscart.cscart_product_sales.category_id",
            "cscart.cscart_product_sales.product_id"
          ],
          "rows": 1,
          "filtered": 91.10320282,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_products_categories.link_type = 'M'"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}