SELECT 
  cscart_categories.category_id, 
  cscart_categories.parent_id, 
  cscart_categories.id_path, 
  cscart_category_descriptions.category, 
  cscart_categories.position, 
  cscart_categories.status, 
  cscart_categories.company_id, 
  cscart_categories.storefront_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_category_descriptions ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_category_descriptions.category_id 
  AND cscart_category_descriptions.lang_code = 'ru' 
WHERE 
  1 = 1 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A') 
  AND cscart_categories.parent_id IN (167) 
  AND cscart_categories.id_path LIKE '167/%' 
  AND cscart_categories.category_id != 265 
  AND cscart_categories.parent_id != 265 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND cscart_categories.category_id IN(
    167, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 166, 
    175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 
    185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 174, 190, 191, 
    193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 
    201, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 
    212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 
    220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 
    264, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 
    236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 
    246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 
    254, 263, 255
  ) 
ORDER BY 
  cscart_categories.is_trash asc, 
  cscart_categories.position asc, 
  cscart_category_descriptions.category asc

Query time 0.01229

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_categories.is_trash, cscart_categories.position, cscart_category_descriptions.category",
      "temporary_table": {
        "nested_loop": [
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "cscart_categories",
              "access_type": "ref",
              "possible_keys": [
                "PRIMARY",
                "c_status",
                "parent",
                "id_path",
                "p_category_id"
              ],
              "key": "parent",
              "key_length": "3",
              "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
              "ref": ["const"],
              "rowid_filter": {
                "range": {
                  "key": "id_path",
                  "used_key_parts": ["id_path"]
                },
                "rows": 7,
                "selectivity_pct": 7.777777778
              },
              "rows": 7,
              "filtered": 7.172839642,
              "attached_condition": "(cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' or find_in_set(0,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids) or find_in_set(1,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids)) and cscart_categories.`status` = 'A' and cscart_categories.id_path like '167/%' and cscart_categories.category_id <> 265 and cscart_categories.storefront_id in (0,1) and cscart_categories.category_id in (167,165,168,169,170,171,172,166,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,185,186,187,188,189,174,190,191,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,264,228,229,230,231,232,234,235,236,237,238,240,241,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,263,255)"
            }
          },
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "cscart_category_descriptions",
              "access_type": "eq_ref",
              "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
              "key": "PRIMARY",
              "key_length": "9",
              "used_key_parts": ["category_id", "lang_code"],
              "ref": ["cscart.cscart_categories.category_id", "const"],
              "rows": 1,
              "filtered": 100,
              "attached_condition": "trigcond(cscart_category_descriptions.lang_code = 'ru')"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

Result

category_id parent_id id_path category position status company_id storefront_id
168 167 167/168 Настольные ПК 10 A 0 0
169 167 167/169 Ноутбуки 20 A 0 0
165 167 167/165 Планшеты 100 A 0 0
170 167 167/170 Мониторы 110 A 0 0
171 167 167/171 Сетевое оборудование 120 A 0 0
172 167 167/172 Принтеры и сканеры 130 A 0 0
201 167 167/201 Процессоры 140 A 0 0